Toreutics is a traditional Iranian handicraft and an artistic form of metalworking. While its exact origins remain unclear, some archaeologists and art historians trace it back to the Scythians (Sakas)—nomadic Iranian tribes from the pre-Achaemenid era.
The earliest forms of toreutics appeared as mountain carvings and stone engravings on royal palaces and historical monuments, even dating back to the caveman era. Over time, this craft evolved into metal engraving, eventually becoming the sophisticated art form known today as toreutics.
In essence, toreutics refers to the engraving and decoration of metal objects—such as gold, silver, copper, brass, and steel—through hammering or using a burin (engraving tool). Among these metals, copper is the most commonly used due to its softness and flexibility. One of the key reasons artists favor this craft is the durability of metal engravings compared to other artistic materials.
Toreutics Process
Modern toreutic artists first coat the inner or lower part of the metal object—typically silver or gold—with a tar and plaster mixture. This step reduces the sound of hammering and prevents damage to the piece. Next, they sketch the pattern onto the surface. Using a carefully selected burin, the artist places it on the pattern and hammers the tool’s end to carve the desired grooves and designs, adjusting pressure and intensity as needed.
Toreutic Motifs and Styles
The patterns and symbols in toreutics have evolved throughout history, influenced by cultural shifts and social conditions. This art form has developed distinct regional styles, including:
Isfahan Style: Uses hammering for deeper engravings, resulting in bold and defined patterns.
Tabriz Style: Relies on wrist movement and pressure, producing flatter and more delicate engravings.
Toreutics includes various techniques such as relief, mid-relief, engraving, and lattice work, each showcasing unique craftsmanship.
Conclusion
Toreutics is more than just metal engraving—it’s a testament to Iran’s rich artistic heritage. From ancient carvings to modern masterpieces, this timeless craft continues to captivate artists and collectors worldwide.